Nephrological/urological problems treatment

Question:
nephrological/urological problems treatment recommendation for pediatric patients
Solution:
Urological diseases or conditions are as a result of urinary tract impairment. Congenital and acquired disorders of the urinary tract are common in infancy and childhood. Some urologic conditions include Pyelonephritis, Vesicoureteral reflux, Ureteropelvic obstruction, Ectopic ureterocele among others (Dharnidharka, Fiorina & Harmon, 2014). This paper will explain some of these nephrological problems, their treatment, and recommendations for pediatric patients.
Pyelonephritis
Acute pyelonephritis is a common condition in infancy and childhood. It is usually caused by enteric bacteria known as Escherichia coli. The notable symptom of acute pyelonephritis is an unexplained fever. An infant who presents a fever that cannot be explained by either history or physical assessment should have a urinalysis to determine the evidence of pyelonephritis. Additionally, there are increased chances of coincidental symptoms suggestive of a bladder infection, such as dysuria or cloudy, foul-smelling urine (Dharnidharka, Fiorina & Harmon, 2014).
Before treatment, a glucoheptonate scan should be considered in children with pyelonephritis to assess the degree of renal involvement. Large focal areas, multiple areas or bilateral involvement should be treated with parenteral antibiotics until the fever ends for a minimum of 48 hours. It should be noted that the presence of a photon-deficient area cannot differentiate between acute and chronic pyelonephritis.

Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux results from an incompetent ureter vesicular junction and is the most common anatomical predispositions to pyelonephritis.it is congenital in nature but can be acquired as a result of cystitis, urethral obstruction, or neurogenic bladder. Vesicoureteral reflux is most prevalent and affects more than 40% of the siblings of a particular child with reflux (Dharnidharka, Fiorina & Harmon, 2014). While some cases of reflux condition are mild and moderate; severe reflux is associated with a dilated