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Pick ONLY ONE TOPIC of the 4 choices available below.
Q.1 The development of COVID-19 vaccines? Researchers are racing to develop COVID-19 vaccines, and have advanced ten candidates into clinical trials.
However, challenges remain. Several of the most advanced vaccine candidates make use of emerging technology platforms such as RNA and DNA vaccines. Others have embraced recombinant vaccines, while others are focusing on more established technologies such as the protein subunit approach. A few companies are also focusing on whole-virus approaches, using attenuated or inactivated (killed) virus. In total, the WHO lists more than 100 candidates in preclinical development. For your essay, pick two of these vaccine approaches to COVID-19, and compare and contrast the benefits of each approach. You can include a general overview of the two vaccine types/categories, but you must also include the current information specific to that vaccine type, as well as pre-clinical / clinical data, and projected outcomes. *Be careful when you choose your two vaccine types and be sure there is sufficient data available for you to research and write about. For example, some vaccine types may not be at a sufficient stage where enough data is available for you to analyse and discuss.
Q.2DNA and RNA-based vaccines: principles, progress and prospects Discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the vaccination principles of DNA and RNA vaccines.
Also, review recent strategies designed to enhance their function. Lastly, discuss the prospects for the therapeutic vaccination of patients with infectious diseases with this new generation vaccine type, including outcomes of any clinical trials as examples.
Q.3Next generation vaccines against tuberculosis.
You should start with a brief introduction, describing the development and use of live, attenuated mycobacterium Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). You should then discuss the development of new recombinant live mycobacterial vaccines with improved efficacy and safety. This includes BCG strains that have been engineered to induce increased immune responses by the insertion of specific genes. You should also include the use of subunit vaccines to boost BCG efficacy.
Q.4Reverse vaccinology and its contribution to the research and development of vaccines.
You should focus on past and current contributions, but can also include a look towards the future (optional). Reverse Vaccinology is a relatively new approach to design vaccines from genomic information with the use of bioinformatics. It was first used in the 1990’s as a discovery tool to identify candidate antigens. This is the starting point for discussing past contributions. A good deal has changed since the advent of whole genome sequencing in the way reverse vaccinology is being used to facilitate vaccine design. This should form the basis of your current and (optional) future discussion.
Instructions:
The word limit is 2,500 words (+/-10%). This does not include references or figure legends.
- References should be in most cases from peer-reviewed journal articles. – Web sites, newspaper articles and Wikipedia do not fall into this category. – However, there may be some exceptions when it is appropriate to include these as references, e.g. illustrating a point such as public perception. – This does not mean the whole article should be based on non-peer reviewed articles, but only used where necessary.
- You should have at least 15 references. Less than this and you haven’t researched the topic properly.
- You have the choice of Harvard or APA. Do not use any other style.
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