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The data for this assignment come from a study conducted by the Career Center in the spring of 2018. Prof. Caprariello consulted on the project. The goal of the project was to assess how students were actually preparing for jobs and careers post-graduation, and whether the intensity of students’ job search behaviors depended on factors such as family upbringing, socioeconomic status, and other social-structural variables.This assignment builds off of Assignment 4, in that it uses the same, exact questionnaire that was used in Assignment 4.But the analyses reported below were performed on only a subset of the variables. For simplicity, I have bolded the variables that you will be focusing on for this assignment, in the variable plan below.For your convenience, the variable plan is printed below, and the questionnaire will be attached in Blackboard (as Assignment 5 – questionnaire.doc).Variable PlanConstruct Definition Variable name Scale Other notesGender gender gender nominalAge age in years age_in_years ratioYear in school year in school year_in_school ordinal/ nominalTransfer student or not did student transfer or not? transfer nominalSuccess in school GPA gpa intervalSocioeconomic status Pell grant or not receive_pell_grant nominalInternational student parents born in the US? parents_born_US nominalFirst-generation student parents’ education parents_education ordinalCampus resident live on campus? live_on_campus nominalCommute time length of commute commute_time ordinal 1-7 scaleEmployed work off-campus? work_off_campus nominal“ number of hours working hours_work_off_wk ratioSense of direction Have a sense of direction? sense_career_direct nominalConfidence in their direction Confidence in their direction confident_career_dir interval 1-9 scaleDifficulty in thinking about careers Difficulty in thinking about careers overall_diff_severe interval 1-9 scale(9 = easy, 1 = difficult)Year in school Underclassmen vs. upperclassmen upperclassmen nominal created in Assignment 4First-generation student parents completed high school only? or more first_gen_student nominal created in Assignment 4Confidence in career direction low, moderate, or high confidence confidence_three_groups nominal created in Assignment 4Difficulty in making career decisions low, moderate, or severe difficulty severity_three_groups nominal created in Assignment 4Interpreting Data AnalysisThe assignment asks you to view the results of analyses that were performed on the data and to interpret what the results mean. Please address the following issues/questions:1. Students were asked whether they have a sense of their career direction (in a yes/no format, using the variable: sense_career_direct). Researchers wondered whether ease of making career decisions (variable: overall_diff_severe) and GPA (variable: gpa) differed, depending on whether student have a sense of their career direction or not.The means of these variables, between groups, are presented below:(a) Average ease of making career decisions, for students who reported “yes, they have a sense of their career direction” = 4.42(b) Average ease of making career decisions, for students who reported “no, they do not have a sense of their career direction” = 3.00(c) Average GPA of students who reported “yes, they have a sense of their career direction” = 3.35(d) Average GPA of students who reported “no, they do not have a sense of their career direction” = 3.50What statistical test do the researchers need to use to determine whether there are differences between any of these means?The results of the tests are presented below:Comparing means (a) and (b): t = 2.80, p = .006Comparing means (c) and (d): t = 1.40, p = .165Based on the results of these tests, please interpret whether having a sense of career direction appears to be associated with differences in ease of making career decisions and with differences in GPA.2. Do students benefit from receiving Pell grants? Researchers tested whether GPA (variable: GPA) differs between students who received Pell grants and those who did not (variable: receive_pell_grant).The means of these variables, between groups, are presented below:Average GPA of Pell recipients: 3.38Average GPA of students not receiving Pell grants: 3.41What statistical test do the researchers need to use to determine whether there are differences between these means?t = 0.34, p = .730Based on the results of this test, please interpret whether there appears to be a benefit from receiving Pell grants, at least in terms of GPA.3. Does confidence in career decisions increase or decrease as students get older? Researchers addressed this question in multiple ways.First, they asked about confidence (variable: confident_career_dir). Then they asked about ease of decision-making (variable: overall_diff_severe). All by year in school (variable: year_in_school). Finally, they asked about having a sense of direction (variable: sense_career_direct), by under vs. upperclass status (variable: upperclassmen).(a) For the first test, they examined confidence in students’ career decisions (variable: confident_career_dir) as a function of year in school (variable: year_in_school).(b) For the second test, they examined ease of decision-making (variable: overall_diff_severe) by year in school (variable: year_in_school).(c) For the third test, they examined whether underclassmen or upperclassmen status (variable: upperclassmen)are more or less likely to have a sense of their career direction (variable: sense_career_direct).The results are tabled below:Outcome Variable MeansFreshman Sophomore Junior Senior(a) confidence 6.42 6.50 6.52 5.76(b) ease of decision-making 4.08 4.61 4.23 4.86 CountsUnder Upper totals(c) have a sense of direction no 8 12 20yes 34 47 81totals 42 59First, explain why the researchers will need to conduct one-way ANOVAs for analyses (a) and (b) but they will need to conduct a chi-squared test for analysis (c).Next, here are the results, in table format:analysis test value of test statistic p-value(a) one-way ANOVA 2.42 .071(b) one-way ANOVA 0.54 .655(c) chi-squared 0.03 .872Please interpret the results of all three analyses. What do these patterns tell us about how students feel about making career choices, as they get older?Make sure that all of your answers are typed directly into the boxes provided. Then save the document and re-upload to Blackboard, by January 21st, at 11:59pm.
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