Ways In Which Marxism And Post-modernism Can Explain The Actions Of Terrorist Groups
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The first generation of violent Islamic extremists who coalesced under the banner of Al Qaeda shared several traits. A number fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union and aligned with Osama bin Laden over disagreements in 1994 about who to fight next. Bin Laden believed it was necessary to fight the “far” enemy, the United states (and by extension the West), which was responsible for a number of perceived injustices against Islam. Other advocated the overthrow of “near” enemies who ruled over secular Islamic states. To fight the far enemy bin Laden moved to Afghanistan in 1998. One of those who also migrated was Mustafa Setmariam Nasser. Nasar is better known as “Abu Musab al Suri” or “The Syrian”. He fought the Soviets in Afghanistan and supported local jihadist groups in Spain, Algeria and elsewhere. Prior to 9/11, Nasar ran a training camp in Afghanistan tied to bin Laden. Like his peers, Nasar is well educated and this is apparent in his writings. His works are numerous and include various interviews and pamphlets, as well as a 1600- page tract and detailed training manual entitled Global Islamic Resistance Call. In addition, Nasar videotaped a number of his lectures based on the manual. Nasar foresaw the effectiveness of US and partner nation efforts against the traditional hierarchical organisation of al Qaeda; he decried the “The Tora Bora mentality” of fighting fixed battles against forces that dominate air and space. Nasser argued to move to something more secure, elusive and difficult to defeat; a system of jihad comprising’ a method of secret guerrilla war consisting of unconnected cells, numerous and different types of cells rather than a first-generation organisation (or Tanzim) (Lia, 2008: 315). He transferred his knowledge and skills to next-generation militant Islamic terrorists virtually. Despite Nasar’s capture in Pakistan in November 2005, both the manual and the videos are available online, realising Nasar’s ambition.
The new generation of violent Islamic is typified by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Al-Baghdadi, who gained experience in Iraq after 2004, rejected ties with al Qaeda and its interference in “local” operations. He exploited opportunities to expand the influence of violent Islamic extremism in Iraq into Syria, then connected a number of different militias and groups under the banner of “ad-Dawlah al- Islamiyah fi I-‘Iraq wa-sh-Sham” (Islamic State). Under al Baghdadi’s leadership, and thought largely decentralised actions by field commanders, so-called Islamic State exploited Sunni grievances in Iraq and conquered wide swaths of the country in relatively short order in 2014. While al-Baghdadi followed previous generations in realising audio statements, so called Islamic State has effectively exploited social media, including Twitter and Facebook, as means to spread its message, gain technical advice and share information, and generate recruits from Western countries. In addition to fighting for the expansion of so-called Islamic State’s self- declared caliphate and sustaining the conflict through black market oil and gas revenues, as well as taxation of the population under control, al Baghdadi has exhorted individuals to conduct “lone wolf” attacks in their countries of residence, including the US, Canada, France and Great Britain.
Question A5
Explain two ways in which Marxism and post-modernism can explain the actions of the terrorist groups and their leadership (based on the extract). NO CITATIONS NEEDED
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