Identify the Types of in-Text Citations

. Write your answers on your answer sheet. (3p x 5 = 15p) 1. Given that the integration of technology in education should have the goal of changing the nature of instruction rather than just using technology to perpetuate traditional teaching and learning methods (Hawkins & Collins, 1992), technology integration was operationalized from the teacher’s perspective to include the extent to which the use of technology fits into the overall unit of instruction, whether there are transitions before and after the activity with the rest of instruction, and the extent to which technology use is not a separate activity from other instructional activities. 2. According to Means and her colleagues, “Technology supports exactly the kinds of changes in content, roles, organizational climate, and affect that are at the heart” of constructivist educational reform movements (1993, p. 1). 3. The systems incorporate the three major components of the learning process: delivery of content, implementation of instructional strategies, and assessment of learning. Although paths through an ITS may differ, the same instructional strategies are presented to all students. Adaptive Learning Systems (ALS), on the other hand, “attempt to be different for different students” (Brusilovsky & Peylo, 2003, p. 157) 4. A common denominator in Drechsler 33 the IS relevance debate is the call to researchers to make their research more relevant to practice, to inform their clients in practice better about relevant research outcomes, therefore to increase the impact of IS research to practice, and, AUM American University of the Middle East in the end, help the IS discipline to grow stronger over time. In the current DSR discourse, the relevance of research outcomes is commonly operationalized as artifact utility – the dependent variable (Gregor & Hevner, 2013).